Favorite Trip

Topic #12 I have visited many places in my lifetime, from as far east as Florida to the topics of Kauai. There were two places during my travels that have stuck out to me the most though. Visiting Mason City, Illinois, a little town of twenty-two hundred people and visiting family in Beverly Hills, California, there are bound to be some differences but also, some similarities on the subject. The majority of people in the United States, even internationally, know what Beverly Hills is.It is the place to be for amazing shopping, fancy cars, big houses, and the place to go to see celebrities. This little town in Southern California is very materialistic. When visiting, I almost felt as though I had to dress and act like these people just to fit into their society. Now, Mason City is my kind of vacation. Back in the country, life really does move slower and it is much simpler. What you wear and what you look like do not matter.The older and more broke down your truck is, the better off y ou are for mud bogging and road tripping to surrounding towns and the creeks. Everybody knows everybody and where each other live. In Beverly Hills, there are a wide variety of job professions. You could be virtually anything your heart desired, from being a banker to being a personal assistant to someone famous. The work that they do in California is on the opposite end of the spectrum compared to the work they do in Illinois.In Mason City, you either works on some kind of a farm, be it a pig farm or a corn farm, or you work for the local HULL Trucking Company. Obviously, there are other professions there otherwise there would be no local businesses or education, etc. That is virtually impossible. The job choices in both places are ways that people make their livings and contribute to our society. Beverly Hills is an urban jungle, full of high rises and the lovely smell of a big city. There are loud noises and a lot of vehicle and foot traffic through its winding streets and hills. I’m pretty sure that the drivers of these fancy vehicles on these winding streets make up their own rules of the road, almost like they are more obligated than others. In M. C. there is one road in and out of the town, Highway 65. There are not even any traffic lights, and only a few stop signs. Most roads there only require you to yield and make sure there is no one coming. People that are from Central and Southern Illinois say that Chicago and its surrounding suburbs should be considered an entirely different state. I believe that this is true.Central Illinois is rolling plains and a horizon as far as the eye can see. The smell of fresh air and the surroundings, make it an absolutely beautiful place to visit or to even live. Illinois is probably where I will end up some day, owning a farm and lots of animals. It was and still is my favorite place to visit in the United States. But, having been visiting California all of my life, it has a special place in my heart. These pla ces are polar opposites in every way imaginable. I like being able to visit different ways of life.

Physics Viewed As Difficult Subject Education Essay

Chapter 2.02.1 IntroductionPresents, the research workers are concern about the involvement of pupils in larning Physicss, as it is unhappily diminishing. As a research worker semen pedagogues, they would non wish this to go on. So they try to accommodate new manner of instruction and do the schoolroom go more piquant, originative and interacting with the pupils. The research findings are based on literature reappraisal demoing that pupils have troubles on conceptual apprehension in Physics. What are the causes that make pupils dislike Physicss? How is Physics being taught in Brunei Science Education? Furthermore, this subdivision will besides include ways to work out this job, on how teacher need to alter their instructional attack such as improvizing learning manner i.e. be more synergistic in heightening pupils ‘ better apprehension in Physicss with the aid of information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) such as Synergistic simulation. It besides include a reappraisal on how effectual is ICT and synergistic simulation in Physics instruction can be in pupils ‘ apprehension and acquisition. Likewise, attitude of the pupils besides play critical function in their accomplishment of that peculiar topics. Other surveies will besides include on how ICT or synergistic simulation can act upon their attitude towards larning Science will be included. Simulations have been around practically since the coming of computing machines, and research workers have been looking at schoolroom utilizations of simulations for over 20 old ages. We want to see the effectivity of computing machine simulations for back uping scientific discipline instruction and acquisition and foregrounding ways that simulations can be best used to make so. ( Smetana, 2000 ) Computer simulations help the lesson to be more synergistic, reliable, and give meaningful larning chances possible to pupils. Learners can detect, explore, recreate, and have immediate feedback about existent objects, phenomena, and processes that would otherwise be excessively complex, time-consuming, or unsafe. ( Smetana, 2000 ) Even though the computing machine simulations can non replace scientific discipline schoolroom and research lab activities wholly but they offer assorted advantage in footings of pupils originative thought and enquiry accomplishments. ( Sahin, 2006 ) . With the aid of computing machine simulation besides, it can assist explicate the inside informations of what go on in such as atom motions of solid atoms where it truly difficult to visualise in existent life. ( Blake & A ; Scanlon, 2007 )2.2 Brunei Education Systems: SPN21In 2009, instruction system in Brunei had reformed to SPN21 instruction system where the end is to supply holistic instruction for pupil s and to accomplish the fullest potency for all in the close hereafter. Harmonizing to Yussof, ( 2012 ) , cited in SPN21 Curriculum more balanced, 2012, SPN21 provide quality instruction for all to fix the young person for their hereafter grownup functions as capable and originative thought citizens who can lend to society. In add-on to that, Masdi, ( 2008 ) besides emphasized that Science and engineering is important in developing a competitory economic system and prolonging a state ‘s development ( SPN21 to hold new scientific discipline course of study, 2008 ) Harkirat, ( 2006 ) stated that the manner the instructor Teach scientific discipline in Brunei are largely traditional method i.e. chalk and talk. Furthermore, the instructors felt advantageous in learning this manner as this can understate the schoolroom subject as the pupils are busy copying notes from the white board. As a consequences, post accomplishment of this type of learning method shows really small betterment. ( Dhindsa, 2006 ) Surveies made by Pengiran Jadid, ( 2007 ) found out that 185 instructors ‘ learning manner in secondary school turned out to be reasonably traditional i.e. they taught the pupils with auditory and ocular method nevertheless some of the pupils would non preferred this method. ( Bostrom* , 2011 ) . In SPN21 instruction course of study, learning methods need to be alteration to accomplish with the ends. Rahman, ( 2011 ) stated that one of the instructors that join Leadership in Educational Programme ( LEP ) stating that school instructors were told to seek to use new and advanced methods of learning to assist the students cope with the execution of the twenty-first Century National Education System ( SPN21 ) . This encouraged the pupil to transport out their most suited or preferable manner of larning such as researching on the Internet. This will decrease the pupil ‘s dependence on the pedagogues while they learn at their ain comfy pace.A ( Jong, 2011 )2.3 Physics viewed as hard topicHarmonizing Abdul Qadeer Soomro, ( 2011 ) pupils find Physics as one of the debatable countries within the field of scientific discipline. Reason for this is that instructors taught Physics traditional direction. This magnetizes fewer scholars than other field of scientific discipline topics. William ( 2003 ) , province that the major general grounds for happening Physicss uninteresting are that it is seen as hard and irrelevant particularly female pupils. The worsening figure of pupils taking to take Physicss during their farther surveies continues to be a cause for concern for scientific and educational communities around the universe. ( Defty, 2006 ) Students find Physics hard as they have to postulate with different representations such as experiments, expressions and computations, graphs and conceptual account at the same clip. Harmonizing to Redish ( 1994 ) , he explains why pupils describe Physics as hard: Physicss as a subject requires scholars to use a assortment of methods of understanding and to paraphrase from one to the other, covering with tabular arraies of Numberss, graphs, equations, diagrams and maps. Physicss besides requires the ability to utilize algebra and geometry which relate to mathematics topics. This makes larning Physicss peculiarly hard for many pupils particularly those pupils who do non like to job resolution. Muhall, et Al, ( 2001 ) besides added that particularly in electricity and magnetic attraction as instructor find it hard to present this lesson as they barely show what truly traveling on inside a circuit particularly. Electricity is a peculiar job, as it involves highly complex and extremely abstract constructs and therefore wholly dependent on theoretical accounts so that pupils could easy visualise and understand the constructs. In order to make these, ICT can assist teacher in explicating the hard abstract.2.4 ICT in Physics EducationThe rapid alteration in development of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) has made important impact in transforming many facets particularly education in general and higher instruction in peculiar. It is besides significantly importance for the instructors to understand the accomplishments and cognition required in utilizing ICT peculiarly in Physics instruction. ICT alteration instructors ‘ function from spoon feeding the inform ation to pupils to ease pupils to research new information. ( Lubis, et al 2011 ) In order to guarantee that pupils are competent in the country of larning engineerings, instructors tend to alter their attitude and present new ICT tools and engineerings into their Physics categories. ( Jarosievitz, n.d. ) Besides that, surveies done by Tasouris, ( 2009 ) , instructors in Cyprus thinks that with the aid of ICT in Physics instruction pupils can research in-depths the hard constructs, motivate pupils and heighten their scientific apprehension by researching the alive images in synergistic simulation for case. ICT besides enhanced active acquisition among the pupils. They can work on existent life jobs in deepnesss and most significantly doing larning less abstract. With ICT besides encourage collaborative acquisition in footings of interaction and cooperation among instructors and pupils. Unlike static-text and print based text books, with ICT pupils can really see what really happens in certain phenomena for illustration motion of inactive charges in stuffs. Quite figure of surveies has stated that technology-rich acquisition environment has a positive impact on pupil acquisition. Surveies conducted by Fraser, B & A ; Aldridge, J, ( 2003 ) which look intoing whether results, focused and ICT rich larning environment promote pupil accomplishment, attitudes towards capable, attitudes to utilize of ICT and academic efficaciousness. They found out that surely technology-rich larning environment has a positive and important consequence on pupil acquisition, attitudes towards capable, attitudes to computing machine usage and academic efficaciousness. With that engineering assisted direction truly helps pupils to develop a conceptual apprehension of abstract representation of physical scientific discipline as it emphasizes simulation, visual image, life, etc. Hence, to heighten pupils ‘ deeper mental imagination ( Fisher, D, 2003 )2.5 Effective instructional attacks: Traditional Teaching Style vs. Interactive SimulationEffective instruction must include two major constituent i.e. teacher directing out information, and pupils receive and exchange feedback. Major job presents is instructors still comfy of utilizing chalk and speak as their instructional attack. This is because they do non hold clip as they were pressured to complete up course of study and continue rapidly to boring alteration. Brunei instruction system is largely assessment based. This influenced the instructor to merely learn and hotfoot to finish the course of study content without even acknowledge whether the pupils really grasp the construct. To avoid this, ICT is introduced as one of the instruction tools that might assist pupils in their acquisition and made instructors ‘ life easier in footings of explicating hard construct in Physics peculiarly. One of the ICT tools that happen to be truly assisting teacher account better is synergistic simulation. Teacher can really utilize synergistic simulation in on-line site for case Phet. Phet stands for Physics instruction engineering, where the instructors from other state come up with synergistic simulation in each topic and portion to other instructor where they can download it and accommodate it to the schoolroom. The suite includes over 50 research-based simulations that span the course of study of introductory Physics every bit good as sample subjects from advanced Physicss and chemical science. ( Perkins, et al. , 2006 ) The synergistic simulation are free and does non necessitate to utilize cyberspace services. This simulations are designed to be extremely synergistic, prosecuting and do unfastened larning environment in the schoolroom that provided alive feedback to the pupils as good. This simulation supply instructor and pupils higly ocular, dynamic representations of Physics constructs. Furthermore, the simulations seek to construct expressed Bridgess between pupils ‘ mundane apprehension of the worl and the implicit in physical rules. For illustrat ion in electrostatic, utilizing simulation as the theoretical account to explicate the inactive charges truly behave if initiation or conductivity bear downing apply to the stuff etc. Alessi & A ; Trollip S.R. , ( 1991 ) defined simulation in instruction as a powerful technique that gave pupils some facet of the universe by retroflexing or copying it. The simulations besides allow pupils to interact with it in a similar mode to the manner they would respond in existent state of affairss. Students besides play an reliable function transporting out complex undertakings with the simulations. Simulation incorporate an engaging and synergistic attack in the schoolroom as it is more towards pupil centred acquisition. This allows the pupil to research, be funny and generate critical thought. It besides helps developing in constructivism as pupils learn by constructing on their anterior apprehension through a series of geographic expeditions. This besides ignites the pupils ‘ involvement in happening out new things in certain subjects. Furthermore, this aid teacher to explicate the microscopic with the designed theoretical account available. Simulation can be used non merely in schoolroom but besides in research lab. Where instructors can utilize it to put up the experiments that are took clip to put up, or even the practical that is really unsafe to make. ( Noah Finkelstein, 2006 ) Figure 1 and figure 2 below are illustrations of synergistic simulation that can be used in the schoolroom. Figure 1: Simulation on Kinematicss and Energy Figure 2: Simulation on Force applied Harmonizing to Bozkurt & A ; Ilik, ( 2010 ) it has been seen that the groups who study with computing machine simulations are more successful than those who study with traditional methods. In add-on, the analysis that has been made sing beliefs of the groups shows that the instruction methods play a function on pupils ‘ beliefs. With the aid of a powerful simulation many of Physics topics which are hard to learn and present can be made simpler and clearer harmonizing to Zacharia & A ; Anderson, ( 2003 ) . In Shirley Pasion Caday research, the survey reveals that there is a important difference between the average pre-test tonss and average post-tests tonss of the experimental group in the trial on scientific discipline constructs. She besides concluded that computing machine simulation experiment is an effectual tool to capture the involvement of pupils toward the acquisition of Physics as a topic. ( Caday, 2004 ) Research workers analyzing the usage of simulations in the schoolroom have reported positive findings overall. Studies done by Kulik, ( 2002 ) computing machine simulations can be effectual in developing content cognition and procedure accomplishments, every bit good as assisting advancing enquiry and conceptual alteration. It besides helps pupil gained understanding and achievement capable countries, for case Physics. Harmonizing to Ajmian & A ; Fatim ( 2007 ) survey, the understanding per centum in the pupils ‘ larning utilizing multimedia oriented package is much higher, and the consequences are promoting. With synergistic simulation it can better pupils ‘ visual image and particularly in assisting pupils to see construction in phenomena and processes that are traditionally ‘invisible ‘ to pupils i.e. a procedure that can non be seen by bare oculus ‘small procedure ‘ i.e. motion of protons or even ‘big procedure ‘ i.e. motion of Eart h as stated by Lindgren & A ; Schwartz, ( 2009 ) . On top of that, with the aid of synergistic simulation it can rectify pupils ‘ misconception in Physics. However, synergistic simulation still can non replace existent research labs as pupils truly necessitate the scientific discipline accomplishment procedure ( psychomotor sphere ) in making the experiments. However, the usage of synergistic simulation gives pupils the thoughts of what to anticipate in existent research lab experiments hence, Choi & A ; Genarro, ( 1987 ) province that simulations work best and effectual if the experiments require cognitive interaction.2.6 Students ‘ attitudes and achievement towards larning PhysicssStudents ‘ attitude is likely to play critical function in any satisfactory account of their public presentation in schools which is suggested by Schunk & A ; Hanson, ( 1985 ) . Harmonizing to Hendrickson, ( 1997 ) , attitudes are the best forecaster for appraisal of pupils ‘ succ ess. One survey had been done in Turkey where they indicate that scheme direction can act upon the attitude towards larning Physics. In Mehmet, ( 2009 ) survey, he provides some grounds which indicates the correlativity of positive-ness of pupils ‘ attitudes towards scientific discipline with instructional scheme in Physics. Equally long as instructor avoided traditional attack in their instruction, this will increase pupils ‘ involvement and more positive towards the topic. It is realized that Physics is non a popular topic among the pupils and is regarded as hard. If the instructor taught in traditional instruction manner, pupils are prone to memorise the expression for tests since they do non follow the Physics constructs in the schoolroom. Therefore, traditional Physics categories frequently result in pupil failures and negative attitudes towards the topic. ( Mehmet Sahin, 2009 ) Ogunlele, W ( 1993 ) in his surveies besides stated that many pupils developed negative attitudes towards Physics acquisition as a consequence of the fact that instructors are unable to fulfill their aspiration or ends or even their wonder in Physics subjects. Another interesting survey done by Onyinye & A ; Okereke, ( 2012 ) their research showed that pupils negative attitude towards Physics were due to, instructors non leting pupils to execute practical separately because of deficient equipment in the research labs in other words non plenty hands-on experience. Students felt that they have lack motive for category battle. ( Erylmaz, 2011 ) . It is good known that negative attitude towards a certain capable makes acquisition or future-learning of the pupils hard. Therefore, Guzel, ( 2004 ) emphasized that developing pupils ‘ positive attitudes towards scientific discipline lessons is the most of import intent of scientific discipline instruction. Most research workers agreed on how attitude of pupils towards certain capable might act upon their ulterior public presentation or accomplishment in their acquisition. The more negative pupils ‘ position or involvement towards the topic, it will do pupils non to execute better in their survey. Fraser, B & A ; Aldridge, J, ( 2003 ) reveal that pupil academic accomplishment is positively correlated to the pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the acquisition environment.2.7 DrumheadThe literature reappraisal suggested that, with the aid of ICT and synergistic simulation, these can assist to better Science instruction. In which it can assist teacher to explicate abstract things better. Students will understand more, clear out misconception and avoid rote larning finally. Teacher besides bear in head that to integrate utilizations of ICT in pupils larning, non merely utilizing ICT in explicating but allowing the pupils use the ICT in order to research new things and being syner gistic in the schoolroom. This will do the schoolroom more to pupils centred. In the hereafter, hopefully with the appropriate and changeless usage of ICT and synergistic simulation in schools might develop pupils with rich ICT accomplishments in order to carry through state ‘s vision in 2035.

Indigenous Australian Health And Culture Health And Social Care Essay

The ‘Little Children are Sacred ‘ study was released in 2007 following a twelvemonth long enquiry into studies of sexual maltreatment in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. The study made 97 recommendations to better the wellness and well-being of Autochthonal people. The federal and province authoritiess responded within 2 hebdomads with what became known as the Northern Territory Emergency Response ( NTER ) . In a rushed move that lacked lucidity of aims, research and mensurable marks or foresight to sustainability ( Edmund Rice Centre for Justice and Community Education -ERC 2008:1 ) . Autochthonal Culture is diverse and hard to specify as each community is characterised by its ain civilizations, history, political relations and demographics ( Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation ) . The Australian Governments ain reappraisal into the NTER, the NTER reappraisal ( 2008 ) measured it ‘s actions affected 45,500 Aboriginal people in over 500 communities, so it is inevitable a â€Å" one size fits all attack † ( ERC 2008 ) non be a sensible solution to the issues across the Northern Territory. â€Å" There is uncontentious support from the Autochthonal communities for a decrease in intoxicant related force, quality lodging, improved wellness and well-being, instruction and employment † ( NTER reappraisal, 2008 ) , nevertheless there is a sense of unfairness that Aboriginal people feel, being that their civilization is responsible instead than the actions of consecutive authoritiess failure to adequately supply sufficient substructure and resources. The Federal and State Governments acted on the substantiated grounds from the Small Children are Sacred study and there is no denial that action was required. The combined study from the Department of Health and Ageing and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare revealed a figure of wellness concerns ; 40 % of kids had untreated dental cavities, 38 % had perennial thorax infections, and 31 % skin conditions. Alarmingly, sing the high figure of infant deceases in Autochthonal people, 71 % of babies were found to be at hazard of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome due to bed sharing, exposure to tobacco fume and inappropriate bedclothes. Sadly though, due to the deficiency of grounds based wellness betterment schemes introduced during the intercession, long term heals ends are yet to be achieved ( Bacon, Nash, Fowler and Sorenson 2010 ) . The Government offers advancement studies on how they are shuting the spread but a comparing to the Small Children are Sacred study shows that small has really been achieved. Whilst they have appointed Dr Howard Bath as Children ‘s Commissioner ( recommendation 9 ) , the enterprises for kid protection are still either impermanent steps or waiting for funding allotment or legislative alterations. ( Northern Territory Government 2008:7 ) . Likewise, the pressing demand for better lodging and â€Å" critical mass building † ( Wild & A ; Anderson 2007 ) to alleviate overcrowding has amounted to 3 houses for autochthonal households and 19 places for Government employees ( recommendation 84 ) . Clearly this does non run into the demand identified and the $ 647 million allocat ed to remote lodging must be utilised as a affair of urgency ( Northern Territory Government 2008 p.17 ) . Australia is reportable to the International Covenant on economic, societal and cultural rights which states the ‘right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest come-at-able criterion of physical and mental wellness ‘ ( Couzos and Theile, 2007 ) . Further more, the authorities is to supply ‘sufficient resources to guarantee wellness services are available, accessible, low-cost, acceptable and of good quality ‘ ( p.522 ) . It is unacceptable so that the authorities can non work out a wellness crisis impacting less than 3 % of its population ( Webb, 2010 ) . A Western Australian Inquiry from 2002 proved success from such intercessions comes from â€Å" culturally relevant plans, staffed and managed by their ain communities † ( Gordon, Hallahan & A ; Henry 2002:388 ) and deficient co-involvement reinforces the belief of authorities control over their lives and intensifying exposure and impotence. Legislation passed at the clip allowed for the remotion of the license system to, and compulsorily acquisition of, autochthonal land, enforced English speech production in category suites, removed the Community Development Employment System ( CDES ) , quarantined 50 % of public assistance payments and implemented compulsory wellness cheques for kids ( Creative Spirits 2010 ) . This was achieved without audience with the autochthonal communities and enforced with a ferociousness reminiscent to colonial times, distributing fright and favoritism. In the words of Aboriginal Elder Yingiya Guyula from Darwin, NT, â€Å" We urgently need the white governments, federal every bit good as Northern Territory, to come and speak to us at the community degree † . Possibly if this had been the instance the people involved may hold been more unfastened to communicating and action. The execution of public assistance quarantining causes shame and humiliation to all who are affected and is non a necessary step for most people. In fact, it causes more jobs as people now need to go long distances at a immense fiscal and clip load, to shop at major mercantile establishments alternatively of back uping local shops ( Eatock 2008:12 ) . The embarrassment of utilizing a centrelink rudimentss card reveals the shoppers income position and is evocative of the ration system from the clip of colony, â€Å" taking societal security policy backwards † ( Australian Council of Social Service ) . The issue of favoritism and the wide generalization that the hapless behavior of some are displayed by all is affecting. It is known that intoxicant is a conducive factor to criminal behaviors such as force, assault and disregard, nevertheless since autochthonal people are 12 % less likely to be regular consumers of intoxicant than not autochthonal people ( Gray & A ; Saggers 2002 :115 ) , the job can be more right attributed to the deficiency of resources and funding spent in the country of instruction, bar and rehabilitation. Couzos and Theile suggest that overall wellness coverage costs for autochthonal people are well less that all other Australian citizens, and in fact have a medicare outgo of merely over a 3rd of that for not autochthonal people ( 2007:522 ) . The Government could hold achieved so much more through common coaction. In their ain response in hind sight, it was identified that long term solutions could â€Å" merely be achieved through consistent battle and partnership between community and authorities † ( NTER reexamine 2008 ) . This sentiment was mirrored by Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islands Social Justice Commissioner Mick Gooda who believes community battle is cardinal to guaranting services are â€Å" delivered and developed suitably † and funding be targeted to greatest demands ( Human Rights Commission 2010 ) . Sing autochthonal people have a rate of morbidity of disease, and societal, educational and economic disadvantage at 3 times the rate of their non autochthonal opposite numbers ( Couzos & A ; Theile 2007:523 ) and because of the unjust distribution of primary wellness attention services and marginalization in rural and distant Australia, the biomedical attack to wellness is non culturally competent in these countries ( Langton cited in Gray & A ; Saggers 2002 ) nor does it cover the holistic model now favoured in order to embrace the dimensions of wellness that are experienced in Autochthonal people, that cover the single, households and whole communities ( Besserab 2000:85 ) . The response to the NTER has been widely and aloud voiced by community members, non for net income administrations, Aboriginal rights groups, wellness organic structures and authorities bureaus. The general reaction has been one of choler for the blazing Acts of the Apostless of favoritism and neglect for human rights. The senate standing commission on community personal businesss said the Government was evidently cognizant that the NTER was outside the jurisprudence or it would non hold suspended the Racial Discrimination Act and that as such the unity of citizenship was lost rendering autochthonal people â€Å" no longer equal before the jurisprudence † ( 2010 ) . Further more, Peter Robson claims the statute law that enabled the intercession was a signifier of â€Å" corporate penalty † ( Green Left Weekly 2008:13 ) for autochthonal people. It is apprehensible that feelings of eviction, choler and isolation would be heightened along with a sense of history repetition. The mandatory acquisition of land is a peculiarly sensitive country due to the battle to win back native rubric. Of importance though is the Rudd authorities ‘s agreement to interchange support for wellness, lodging and instruction in exchange for land ( ERC 2008:5 ) . This is evidently non the instance for other Australians and represents unjust trade patterns. Aboriginal Rights Coalitions called for an â€Å" immediate terminal to the prejudiced statute law † ( Robson 2008:13 ) . Amnesty International have reported on the lodgment by Aboriginal communities to the United Nations for pressing action for breach of rights to â€Å" audience, consent and engagement † ( 2009 ) believing Australia is non run intoing its duties under the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. It is easy to look back and justice the action of the NTER, and if the administrative officials had merely taken the clip to be after before implementing their actions, better determinations may hold been made. Assessing old intercessions elsewhere is Australia for illustration may hold given them better thoughts on how to outdo do it work. An illustration of a good undertaking is the Looma Healthy Lifestyle undertaking intercession in Queensland ( Clapham, K, O'Dea, K, & A ; Chenhall, R 2007: 275-278 ) . Faced with epidemics of diabetes and bosom disease, clip was spent developing local people from the community to take messages into the schools to advance healthier life style and better nutrition to the younger coevalss, promoting athleticss and diversion, implementing breakfast plans and doing all public countries smoke free. The local store was taken over by autochthonal people, giving more control back to the people and the consequence was healthier nutrients such as fresh fruit and vegetable and better oils for sale. The intercession proved a success through records of lower cholesterin degrees, lower blood force per unit area and less incidence of bosom disease, although diabetes degrees remained unchanged in the short term. Although on a different graduated table to the NTER, this shows how coaction and instruction can accomplish more than hurried aggressive authorities controlled enterprises. There are other illustrations of community enterprises that have brought about alteration and hope across Australia every bit good as reappraisals of old intercessions that have been successful and non successful, and the NTER may hold had a different response if the grounds had been considered and managed before hotfooting in from a top heavy attack. The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( WHO ) is an illustration of researched, proved grounds that societal attacks to intervention through community development, capacity edifice and authorization are a more humane and sustainable system for alteration. The inquiry of support is a ambitious issue. The first twelvemonth cost about $ 88 million ( ERC 2008:3 ) and what this money really achieved is problematic. In that first 12 months the incidence of substance maltreatment and baccy and debris nutrient ingestion increased and school attending remained inactive ( NTER Review 2008 ) . On top of this, no grounds of paedophile rings were found in the Northern Territory, and less than 1 % of kids examined were referred to child protective services. 40 % of the kids carried treatable diseases, all of which are normally associated with poorness ( Robson 2008:13 ) . One would believe that the graduated table of morbidities found during compulsory wellness cheques for auditory, dental and parasitic diseases for illustration would justify the pressing and unrestricted arrangement of primary wellness services such as child wellness nurses in all communities. Further more, if such services had been in topographic point antecedently the degree of disregard would non hold reached such critical degrees. Surely the fiscal cost of supplying wellness and societal services on a long term footing would hold outweighed the billion dollar disbursals that achieved little over an intense period. The Federal Governments ‘Stronger Families Fund ‘ in Western Australia was a committedness of $ 20 million over a 4 twelvemonth period and created a Centre for kids to travel for nutrient, instruction, diversion and wellness demands, and it was supported by the autochthonal community who were empowered and strengthened by the mending relationships procedure ( Gordon, Hallahan & A ; Henry 2002:402-403 ) . The Edmund Rice Centre ‘s ‘Grass roots ‘ plan trialled in Goodooga in NSW really required no support. The purpose was to convey the community together, increase instruction results for kids and base on balls on civilization and was based on conveying parents and grandparents into the schoolrooms to go through on their cognition and experience and giving control to the community ( ERC 2008:6 ) . The $ 800 million committed to community safety, reconstructing communities and undertaking kid maltreatment as promised by the Rudd Government in 2009 is now bei ng watched closely and critically ( FaHCSIA 2009 ) . Another scheme to come out of the ‘Little Children are Sacred ‘ study and has gained Autochthonal support and blessing from many in the legal sphere is offender rehabilitation ( Recommendations 36-40 & A ; 72 ) . In a move to recognize Aboriginal traditional jurisprudence, maintain households together and supply and ‘effective option to condemnable justness ‘ ( Gordon, Hallahan & A ; Henry 2002:394 ) , it has been recommended the authorities expression into condemning that â€Å" incorporates Aboriginal impressions of justness and rely less on tutelary sentencing † ( Wild & A ; Anderson 2007:25 ) . This would return culturally relevant intercessions and advance a regard the community. Family duties have strong bonds and since there is a loss of assurance in white adult males policy, better results may be resolved by seting the burden back to the autochthonal groups and make a mutual regard. Aboriginal Magistrate Pat O'Shane believes if wrongdoers partic ipate in plans to â€Å" construct self regard and mend their lives and relationships † ( Gordon, Hallahan & A ; Henry 2002:394 ) , happier healthier communities will eventuate. To the job now of sustainability: It can be seen that short term holes that lack the proper support and evidenced based pattern and neglect to turn to the â€Å" implicit in societal determiners † ( Clapham, K, O'Dea, K, & A ; Chenhall, R 2007:273 ) so length of service is hard to accomplish. Sustainability has been likened to ‘routinisation ‘ ( Clapham, K, O'Dea, K, & A ; Chenhall, R 2007:273 ) , and in that regard no profound outcomes can be expected in the immediate hereafter, nevertheless the alterations can get down to be made now and the rippling will hopefully be positive. Of class support, engagement, employment, intersectoral relationships and services may non stretch between election rhythms and it is up to each authorities to perpetrate to seeing these issues through until equality is achieved for all Australians. The NTER reappraisal recognises that â€Å" you can non drive alteration into a community on the dorsum of a truck † ( 2008:58 ) . The hope of class is that no irreparable harm has occurred since 2007 that may hold set rapprochement back for a farther 200 old ages. This fright was spoken by an Aboriginal senior from the Djirrikaymirr people, Dr Djuniyini Gondarra, who said â€Å" the intercession has failed to better wellness and had in fact, intensified depression and loss of hope among Aboriginal people. † It is tragic to believe we may be responsible for farther eviction and wellness diminution on an already delicate population when our occupation was to assist and foster them to get the better of the events of the yesteryear.

What are the tradeoffs between relational and object-oriented Essay

What are the tradeoffs between relational and object-oriented databases and database management systems - Essay Example This section also outlines tradeoffs between relational, object-oriented databases and database management systems. RDBMSs (Relational Database Management Systems) have been offering excellent services and benefits to their users; however this achievement is incomplete as well as limited to only some kinds of applications. In view of the fact that the business clients adopt latest versions of systems, as well as develop to previous ones, their efforts to make use of RDBMS come across the "Relational Wall," where RDBMS technology is no longer capable to offer the functionality and services required by the users. Additionally, users face this barrier when they try to enlarge information models to sustain associations among data, novel data types, extensible data types, and straight support of data objects. In the same way, the barrier can take place when implementing database in distributed environments through complicated processes. On the other hand, attempts to resolve these issues with relational technology cause an explosion of tables, a lot of joins, deprived performance, unfortunate scalability as well as loss of integrity. Thus, ODBMSs present a path further than the wall (Objectivity, Inc., 2005). Additionally, the emergence of new generation of Relational Database Management Systems has offered a lot of advantages to clients. These advantages comprise unplanned query, self-governing data from logical application, and a variety of front-end GUI (graphical user interface) systems. In addition, it has also offered many business applications, as well as the business sector has expended to over $4B yearly, comprising tools. There is a question that why we should look beyond RDBMSs? We should perform so simply when essential to capability and support of new types of systems, new associations, distribution, media data types as well as scalability. In reality, the majority of systems and applications have never made use of RDBMSs, and a lot of applications that have utilized RDMBS are now searching for other options, like that ODBMSs (Objectivity, Inc., 2005). In addition, the relational databases have offered a high-quality service in a lot of customary database systems. Despite the fact that, in many scenarios for instance when it is complicated to deal with information, or when superior efficiency is needed (i.e. objects having anonymous identifiers, or objects going from one type to another, etc.), or when we need to manage non-conventional data (such as images, long texts, etc.), additional techniques need to be implemented. Normally, these techniques include object-oriented or semantic databases. Additionally, the semantic database models are object oriented database models. Moreover, they present, a variety of levels, a lot of characteristics of semantic models, in the form of conceptual information, as well as, purify a number of behavioral characteristics of the data (Rishe, 2010). However, if a RDBMS can resolve our problems without numerous efforts as well as offers the required results, efficiency and scalability then there is no need to utilize an ODBMS. If some of the below given situations are convened then we should think about using ODBMS. Belo w are some of the important reasons that require us to make use of RDBMS: (Objectivity, Inc., 2011) Complicated Relationships: If we are having numerous many-to-many relationships in our database, tree arrangements or network (graph) formations (Objectivity, Inc., 2011). Complicated Data Arrangement: If the data has numerous changeable length parts, such as arrays of structures, multi-dimensional arrays or binary streams (Objectivity, In

Time Value of Money in Economic Decisions Research Paper

Time Value of Money in Economic Decisions - Research Paper Example An Opportunity cost arises when one is made to wait for the amount in future. In this context, Blue jay Manufacturing Company is looking at two options. These options include outsourcing portions of its in house manufacturing or making a capital investment towards expansion of in house manufacturing. Capital budgeting is thus essential in making a financial analysis of the two options presented to make a decision that will have the best outcome. Time value of money uses the present value and the future value of cash flows. In this case Butler wants to keep the manufacturing in house and to do so there is need for a capital investment to be made. Investing this cash denies the business a chance to outsource since the money cannot be realized till the investment pays off. Time value of money is used here to calculate the future value of the money which is then compared to the investment value at maturity. If the investment value at maturity is greater than the calculated future value o f money, then it is considered a good investment. However, if the future value of money is greater than the value of the investment then it is not a good capital investment and Butler would be advised to go ahead and outsource (Crosson and Needles, 2008). This is how time value of money is used in making an economic decision. It helps to calculate the value of money at a future date and compare it with its present value so as to determine a worthy investment. To clearly understand the basics of time value of money, it is important to understand the Net Present value. Net Present Value is the difference between present values of cash outflows and the present values of cash inflows. It is calculated to check the profitability of one alternative over the other. A positive NPV is an indication that it is a good investment whereas a negative NPV shows that it is not a worthy investment (Steven, 1986). In this case, future cash flows estimates of outsourcing are generated. These cash flow s are then discounted to one lump sum present value for example $600,000. If the suppliers are willing to provide their services at a price below $600,000 then management can give the go ahead to outsource for this presents a positive NPV. However, if the suppliers charge more than $600,000 it would be a very costly move and thus management would chose not to outsource. Consequently, the same analysis should be done for the case of in house manufacturing. If the NPV of in house manufacturing is found to be greater than the NPV of outsourcing, then by all means a capital investment should be made to expand in house manufacturing and vice versa. Net Present Value calculations take inflation and returns into account while analyzing the time value of money. In simple terms, it is the present value of future cash flows without accounting for the purchase price (Crosson and Needles, 2008). It is considered the most standard method for using time value of money to appraise long term invest ments during capital budgeting. The Pay Back Period is also another method that is used to determine the time value of money. However, it only measures the risk and not the returns. The Pay Back period measures the time taken for cash inflows to equate to the capital investment made. The shorter the period the more worthy the investment is. Time value of money

Margaret Thatcher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Margaret Thatcher - Essay Example Five years later, she strongly supported Keith Joseph in his mission to become Conservative Party leader but unfortunately he couldn't remain in the election. After gaining great experience she became the leader of the Conservative party in 1975. Thatcher entered the contest herself and became leader of the Conservative Party. It was 1979 when Margaret Thatcher became England's first female Prime Minister. (Thatcher, 1993, pp-27) In the Conservative manifesto of 1979, she had written about the feeling of helplessness that a nation which was once called a great nation has fallen behind with time. Thatcher entered ten determined to reverse the national decline of the country, which was characterized by a combination of high unemployment, high inflation and stagnant growth. The political philosophy and the economic policies of Thatcher emphasized on the financial sector, selling off of state owned companies and flexible labor markets. (Thatcher, 1993, pp-32) Because of high unemployment and recession her popularity amongst people decreased, with the help of economic recovery and the success of Falklands War which brought a great support for her and in the election of 1983 she was elected again. During her leadership she been through very hard times for example, Brighton hotel bombing which was the attempt to assassinate her, but she survived. Margaret also took a hard line against all the trade unions. Because of her hard words and tough talking she was also know as the Iron Lady. In 1987 she was again elected for the third term. The same year was not good for her and it proved difficult as the Poll tax plan became unpopular and her views about the European Community were also not shared in the Cabinet. (Thatcher, 1997, pp-17) In the November of 1990 she resigned as the Prime Minister. Her period as Prime minister proved longest after the record of Lord Salisbury and she also had a record of spending continuous longest period after Lord Liverpool. She also became the first lady to lead a political party in the England. Thatcher is also the first of only five women to have the four great offices of a state. She also has a peerage as Baroness Thatcher, in the County of Lincolnshire; this made her eligible to sit in the House of Lords. (Thatcher, 1997, pp-34) Thatcher's economic and political philosophy focused on entrepreneurialism and free market. She tried her best to end what she thought was excessive government interference in the economic policies, and therefore she decided to privatized many nationally owned companies and made a policy of selling public housing to tenants at reduced prices. Thatcher was deeply influenced by monetarist thinking as exposed by Milton Friedman, Thatcher started her economic reforms by focusing on increasing interest rates to try lower inflation. Thatcher also ordered to place limits on the printing of money and she thought that legal restrictions on trade unions should be there, in her battle to handle inflation and settle the disputes among trade union she found it very difficult. UK's economy was not good during the whole 1970s. In pursuit of her anti interventionist views Thatcher introduced the system of cash limits on public spending, and tried to reduce expenditures on social services such as edu cation and housing un till 1988. In the same period

Global Economy and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Economy and Politics - Essay Example Internet selling through websites and portals has broken all limits and definition of a domiciled corporation. Now corporations are not only selling to foreign nationals over the internet but are also actually relocating their production facilities in search of overseas markets. Since 1990s the concept of globalization has brought in revolution in the manner we trade internationally. However this new global economy has redefined the political equations in the globe and is continuing to do so with changing balance of economic power. This paper essentially examines this phenomenon. The globalization aligned attitudes of IMF and World Bank are exemplified with clarity by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, when he says that," The key aim of today's policy makers has not changed compared to those at the Bretton Woods times - it has been, and still is, global prosperity and stability - but the environment in which we are acting has changed profoundly......Today we are striving for stability of the international financial system in a world of free capital flows with a growing importance of private flows and increasing trade and financial integration"(Trichet, 2004). Devetak and Higgott explain how globalization has brought about a weakening of an intra national social bond. They further posit that ongoing process of globalization causes constant disruption in existing social bond. It is their view that "under conditions of globalization, assumptions made about the social bond are changing; .... the article concludes that the prospects for a satisfactory synthesis of a liberal economic theory of globalization, a normative political theory of the global public domain, and a new social bond are remote"(Devetak & Higgott 1999). As Roby says," world-wide output and trade have grown apace with market openings and the rise of efficient global business networks these past 15 years. An entrepreneurial class is energizing once-stagnant command economies" (Roby, 2005). It is at once apparent that this 'entrepreneurial class' is essentially limited in number the globe over and its population effectively determines the contours of globalization. This entrepreneurial class is in fact dictating the world polity as well. Major changes in the global eco-political map Dismantling of communist political regimes in the erstwhile iron curtain countries was the foremost change to occur as globalization, as explained above, ran concurrently. This worked to open huge markets of emerging economies for the multinational corporations of West. Second major development was comprised in strengthening of regional economic and trading blocks. Whether it was the European Union (EU)or NAFTA or ASEAN al such trading blocks rationalized and redefined heir duties and strengths to present combined large markets that were ready to respond to new paradigms of international trade set in place by globalization. Quick illustrations would reveal the changed face of the globe. Take the episode of China's accession to WTO.Nobody could have imagined till two decades back that China would make such a move and be agreeable to WTO prescriptions to open its trade contours. Now China has emerged as one of the foremost economies which has benefited from globalization immensely. Ch ina has emerged as a new eco-political power ,on the one hand ,and EU is making another

Microeconomic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomic Theory - Essay Example Now, if there is a PBNE where player one chooses either to play B or C, or randomizes between the two, his expected payoff has to be greater than ? from such a move. Player 1’s expected payoff on the other hand depends upon player 2’s strategies and whether he randomizes and with what probabilities. Now, player 2’s expected payoff from playing D is PB-(1- PB) and that from playing E is -PB+(1- PB). He will pick D iff PB-(1- PB)> -PB+(1- PB)4PB>2 PB>1/2.He will be indifferent between playing D and E if PB=1/2 (and hence randomize between the two) and will pick E if PB1/2 is invalidated. Thus, we cannot have a PBNE with Player 1 choosing to play C and player 2 choosing D since this invalidates the required belief criterion. Similarly it can be shown that there cannot be a PBNE where 1 chooses B and 2 plays E that is consistent with the required beliefs for player 2. Finally, if player 2 randomizes, the maximal expected payoff for player 1 is 0 as well. Thus, in all PBNE, player 1 picks A. Since in the equilibrium path 2’s turn never comes, he can pick either D or E or choose to randomize in this equilibrium. So we can have the following PBNE: 1. (A, D) with PB>1/2, 2.(A,E) with PB v2. This is true since by bidding b2= v2 he has already won the auction and the final payment he has to make depends only on player 1’s bid. On the other hand, bidding less than v2 doesn’t change anything as long as the bid is greater than player 1’s bid = player 1’s valuation. However if b2

Western history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western history - Essay Example Around the start of the 16th century, the weakening of the Church was in conjunction with the strengthening force of socio-economic, philosophical and scientific liberation. The period witnessed important religious, political, social, and philosophical changes in Europe. The medieval age was characterized by the strong power of the Catholic Church that was more often greater than that of the ruling king. Thus, even the political and social aspects of the medieval life were dependent on the Church. However, the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century which was initiated by the arguments of Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism, weakened the Church. Kings and Princes worked together to challenge the power of the Church leaders, primarily the Pope. The cultural consensus of Europe based on universal participation in the Body of Christ was broken. Along with the Reformation came challenges to secular society. The nature and organization of power and government came under reevaluation as well. The huge impact of the Church in the medieval times2 caused the religious change to go hand-in-hand with changes in politics and society. Along with the decentralization of power from the Church and its supported rulers (kings and queens) came the rise of an expanding social class. The middle class, also known as the class of the bourgeosie, was growing and generally becoming more powerful. Merchants and learned artisans characterized this class, as opposed to the royal bloods and Church appointees who dominated the medieval age. The period was also home to the Commercial Revolution which was a time of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade. This then resulted to the generation of a great deal of wealth for them. This growing global economy was based on silver, which allowed an easier

Enlightenment thinking Essay Example for Free

Enlightenment thinking Essay The Declaration of Independence is the basis of our government here in the United States. When the authors of this document were writing it they included many references to enlightenment theories. Of these many theories three within the document can be attributed to John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Hobbes. John Locke was a believer in the three natural rights of man, life, liberty, and property. In the Declaration of Independence Lockes idea can be found throughout but one example is, It is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government laying its foundation of such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. This quote is exactly along the lines of Lockes thinking. He believed that a government is there to serve and protect, and if the government does not do its duty, then the people have a right to overthrow a government and start a new one. Rousseau believed that all men were free and ought to be, therefore any government must act according to the will of the people. The Declaration of Independence includes this too, A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. This quote reflects Rousseaus ideas exactly. That man is in chains by the government a must be free. Finally, Thomas Hobbes was a believer in the social contract stating that to gain rights people had to give up rights. One right which people were supposed to gain was protection by the government. This idea can be found within the Declaration of Independence, He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. The Declaration of Independence contains many different enlightenment ideas. These ideas had a great impact on the founding of the United States and still do today.

History of Cooperative Learning

History of Cooperative Learning 2.0 Introduction The review of the literature is organized in seven themes. The first theme aims to provide an overall overview on the history and previous studies made on Cooperative Learning. The second theme addresses the importance of Cooperative Learning. Then, the third and fourth themes focus on Group Work and its benefits. Followed by, are the fifth and sixth themes base on the positive perceptions and experiences from students using group work and use of Group work in accounting class. The seveseventh section which is the last one of the literature review enumerates some of the criticisms of using group work as a teaching and learning strategy. 2.1 History of Cooperative learning The origin of the Cooperative Learning dated back at least 100 years ago, and even thousands of years ago, but little research was made until the 1960s (Jacobs et al., 2002:2). Since then, it has awakened much attention and has constantly been a hot topic in education. From 1960s till today great importance has been attached to the term Cooperative Learning. For instance, in the mid 1960s Johnson and Johnson contributed much for cooperative learning in the training of teachers at the University of Minnesota. Then, it progressed till the early 1970s where researchers like David DeVries and Keith Edwards at Johns Hopkins University built up Teams-Games-Tournaments and other researchers like Sholmo and Yael Sharan in Israel developed the group investigation procedure for the Cooperative Learning groups. In the late 1970s Robert Slavin extended DeVries and Edwards work at Johns Hopkins into Student Teams-Achievement Divisions and modifying computer-assisted instruction into Team-assisted Instruction. At the same time, Spencer Kagan created the Co-op co-op procedure. Followed by, in the 1980s Donald Dansereau widened a number of cooperative scripts, and many other individuals worked out further cooperative procedures (Johnson, Johnson Smith, 1991).The Cooperative Learning has also been found as an effective epitome of communicative language teaching. As affirmed by Putnam (1995) that The Cooperative Learning is embraced within a communicative language teaching framework He also pointed out that the cooperative learning activities are often used in communicative language teaching Cooperative learning has become so common that it is no more considered as a new idea in education. This can be viewed in the mid of 20th century where applications of cooperative learning drew its development to sociology and social psychology specifically to Gordon Allports Social Contact Theory and Morton Deutschs studies of group dynamics. This continues on, as Cooperative Learning is believed to make educational magic in a uniquely 21st century way. 2.2 Definitions of Cooperative learning It is believed that the use of cooperative learning in the classroom as an instructional strategy had been a subject matter for many years. Jenkins and OConnor (1996) suggested that cooperative learning in the classroom is amongst the best strategies for teaching students with and without disabilities in the classroom. As a result, the success of teaching using cooperative learning was conclusive in almost all studies. To begin with, it can be noted that many scholars and researchers have attempted to investigate into the concept of Cooperative Learning. In view of that different definitions have been given to Cooperative learning. According to Slavin (1983) Cooperative learning has been defined as a teaching strategy that encourages students to work in small, heterogeneous learning groups in order to promote individual learning. The fact that learning groups should be mixed or diverse is significant to ensure that learners can learn from each other, and provide encouragement and support to each other in different aspects and at different levels of the curriculum. Likewise, cooperative learning has generally avowed to be the best option for all students since it emphasizes active interaction between students of diverse abilities and backgrounds (Nelson, Gallagher, Coleman, 1993; Tsai, 1998; Wei, 1997; Yu, 1995). The accepted idea proposed in these different definitions by different authors is that Cooperative learning should be taken as a learning approach in which student are grouped together in order to ensure that they help each other in learning an academic subject in the scope of a common goal and also where they are actively participating in the teaching-learning process 2.3 Importance of Cooperative Learning Today cooperative learning is a matter-of-fact in almost all school content areas and, progressively more, in college and university contexts all over the world (Johnson Johnson, 1989; Kessler, 1992). This could be found in the results of several studies of the cooperative learning literature where Springer, Stanne, and Donovan (1997) acknowledged that there is the need for a shift in importance from teaching to learning. At the very first glance, it might seem that cooperative learning is merely the splitting up of students with varying levels in small groups in order to attain common goals. Things; though, are not always what they appear to be. In reality, cooperative learning goes beyond organizing students. For example, as stated by Crandall (1999) Cooperative learning is more than just small group activity. In a well-structured cooperative task, there is a genuine information gap, requiring learners to both listen and contribute to the development of an oral, written or other product which represents the groups efforts, knowledge and perspectives. Many studies have been conducted vis-Ã  -vis the effectiveness of such cooperative learning approaches. Cooperative learning is group learning activity planned so that learning is reliant on the socially structured exchange of information between learners in groups and in which each learner is held accountable for his or her own learning and is motivated to increase the learning of others. (Olsen Kagan, 1992). In addition Barbara Leigh Smith and Jean T. MacGregor (1992) mentioned collaborative learning as an umbrella term for a variety of educational approaches involving joint intellectual effort by students, or students and teachers together. Drawing from this quotation, it can be said that to some extent together with cooperative learning, collaborative learning activities also cover a broad territory of approaches such as classroom discussions intersperse with short lectures, peer teaching, students put together around group work in the amount of in-class or out-of-class time and others. Nunan (1992), for instance, uses the terms cooperative learning and collaborative learning interchangeably and quotes the following definition: Collaborative learning entails students working together to achieve common learning goals.(Slavin, 1983; Sharan et al. 1984). But for this study our prime focus is on group work. 2.4 Definition of Group Work Toseland and Rivas (1984) described group work as a goal directed activity with small groups of people aimed at achieving socio-emotional needs and completing tasks. Normally, this activity is aimed at individual members of a group and to the group as a whole within a system of service delivery. The use of group work has been broadly accepted as an effective teaching and learning tool (Conway, Kember, Sivan, Wu, 1993; Freeman, 1995). More precisely, there is a substantial body of literature advocates that the use of group work as a cooperative learning approach has positively contributes to student learning (James, 2005; Mahenthiran Rouse, 2000; Roberts, 2004; Rossin Hyland, 2003). Furthermore, as stated by Lundgren (2008) cooperative learning was considered as a relationship in a group of students that requires positive interdependence, individual accountability, interpersonal skills, face-to-face positive interaction, and processing. Infrequently, random or special interest teams could be formed to maximize student talents or meet a specific student need (Kagan, 1994). 2.5 Benefits of Group work 2.5.1 Group Work enhance Learning To start with, it is recognized that engaging students in Cooperative learning make them learn best when they are actively involved in the process (Gross Davis, B 1993) and also Cooperative learning involves groups of students working to complete a common task together (Siegel, 2005). It has also been viewed by Vygotsky (1978) that students perform at higher levels when they work in diverse groups, as opposed to working individually. Furthermore, as asserted by Johnson and Johnson (1987) huge majority of the research comparing student-student interaction patterns indicated that students learn more effectively when they work cooperatively. Other investigators like Cotterill and Mills (1994), in Australia at Wollongong University, stated that all three benefits of group work in their assessment policy, Group work, under proper conditions, encourages peer learning and peer support and many studies validate the efficacy of peer learning. It is said that teachers also get satisfaction with the integration of cooperative learning groups (Linchevski Kutscher, 1998). It is so because the use of small groups requires fundamental changes not only in the organization of the classroom but also in ways of learning (Kramarski Mevarech, 2003). Likewise, cooperative learning facilitate individuals to develop their own understanding as cooperative learning approaches force learners to actively relate their own experiences and perceptions to those of others. Consequently, while interacting in cooperative learning activities individual understandings are verbalized and discussed and in the process of discussion new meanings are created as learners help each other to better understand the learning matter. (e.g. Akan, 2005; Anderson et al, 1996; Kalliath et al, 2006). It is at this point interesting to note that Anderson et al (1996) put forward that group learning has become more important, as institutions of higher learning consist of increasing numbers of mature learners who bring life and work experience into the classrooms. Therefore, these mature learners return to formal education because rapid social, economic and technological changes require them to be lifelong learners with transferable skills. 2.5.2 Group Work and its 21st Century Skills Using Group work as a teaching and learning strategy does not only promote cognitive development but also plays an important role in the development of personal and social skills which will help students in future. As per Bermejo (2005) Group work is becoming more and more imperative with the demand for higher order thinking skills in the 21st century job market. The field of collaborative learning broadens beyond the classroom walls and then cooperative learning may be observed as a component of collaborative learning. This has been clearly discussed by Wiersma (2002) who believed that collaborative learning has a wider application outside the classroom and is rather a philosophy of life that involves working together, building together, learning together, changing together, improving together. Its a philosophy that fits todays globalized world. Moreover, it has been seen that in a literature there is a strong support that a successful cooperative work environment will lead to greater effort to achieve, more positive interpersonal relationships, and greater psychological health when compared to a competitive work environment (Johnson Johnson, 1989). As argued by Gibbs (2001) the requirements for students to enter todays work force with the ability to identify and organize information and resources, communicate well with others, and understand social and organizational systems. Therefore, it will be true to say that Collaborative learning does enhance leadership skills by developing and strengthening team members abilities to reflect, respect, converse, and resolve conflict. 2.6 Positive perceptions and experiences from students using Group Work According to Walker (2001) little research has been published to date reporting on student perceptions of group work. Despite the fact that focus of her study is on student perceptions of group work associated to peer assessment, her findings suggest that students in general had a positive attitude towards group work. The facts that most students are usually positive about group work have been echoed by additional researchers. To start with, Chapman et al (2006) in a study found that the overall attitude generally positive [and] degree of conflict was moderate. As a result, it can be said that most group experiences can be categorized as a positive one. The question which needs to be answered is: What are these positive experiences? At first, it will be true to say that students appear to enjoy working cooperatively and are willing to cooperate with others in the group (Krol, Janssen, Veenman, van der Linden, 2004). The reason behind which is the fact that it encourages various styles in which learning takes place. Normally, learning in groups is experienced as fun and more active. This can be found in a study by Yazici (2004) entitled as Student Perceptions of Collaborative Learning in Operations Management Classes provided evidence that the students agreed that they had a better understanding of Operations Management in a collaborative instruction environment. As said by Colbeck et al (2000) students who experienced to group learning approaches in education learn to value the skills which they are acquired for their future careers, like for instance, the ability to listen to other perspectives with an open mind, to suspend judgments, and to search for solutions in a democratic and inclusive manner. Moreover, in a study made by De Vita (2001) students found group work to be demanding, but on the other hand they felt that they learned a lot about themselves and felt better prepared to work in diverse teams in the future. As a result, it can be said that group work has lead to positive impact on students. 2.7 Use of group work in Accounting Class Many studies have focused on cooperative learning as teaching strategy in accounting field. For instance, Norman, Rose Lehmann (2004) in their broad review of literature between 1990 and 2003 agreed on the terms collaboration and cooperative learning were used interchangeably in many international accounting journals and elsewhere. In a study by B.J Farrell and H.M Farrell (2009) called Student satisfaction with cooperative learning in an Accounting curriculum showed that team work has been as an instructional strategy. As a result, it can be viewed that the used of cooperative learning is common in tertiary sector. Thus, teachers in secondary schools must ensure that cooperative strategies are being used. In Mauritius, either it is in Primary or Secondary schools; more focus is paid on teacher-centered classroom rather than student-centered. Therefore, for accounting students who will opt for further studies in Universities or will join the world market, they should possess the knowledge, quality and skill to work in groups. It is because team work is required in almost every universities and work place. Hence, in every classroom, especially in accounting teachers must structure lessons so that students work co operatively in small groups, ensuring that all members master the assigned material. Restructuring the classroom using one of the many cooperative learning models represents a major departure from the traditional classroom setting. In Mauritius it can be clearly noted that there are a competitive situations in classroom. Students only aim is to compete with each other for grades, they work against each other to attain a goal that is getting the highest mark. Therefore this lead to a competitive or individualistic classroom environment, but studies have shown that working in groups lead to significant positive effects on the learning of the students ( Johnson Johnson, 1989; Johnson, Johnson and Smith, 1981, 1991; Johnson et. al. 1981; Qin, Johnson, Johnson, 1995). 2.8 Criticism of Group Work It is believed that to avoid drawbacks of this particular teaching strategy, it is of the essence to recognize what has been said against it. Many researchers have proved that cooperative elements alone do not ensure maximal productivity from a learning group; there has to be both cooperation and conflict (Iganaki Hatano, 1986, Tjosvold Johnson, 1978, Worchel McCormick, 1963). To be more precise, group work practices have been criticized as being ineffective (Alexander, Rose Woodhead, 1992). It is because many problems like conflicts of ideas, disagreements, misunderstanding and free riders can be found during the processes of the strategy. On the word of D.Johnson, R.Johnson and A.Smith (1990), it has been viewed that when students interact conflicts among their ideas, conclusions, theories, information, views, opinions and preferences are obvious. Furthermore, Cohen (1996) stressed upon the fact that, Disagreements about ideas is a healthy sign during group work as long as intellectual disagreement does not degenerate into sharp interpersonal conflict. As said by Ames (1984) when cooperative groups fail, there is the tendency to fix blame on others and the weaker group members become the scapegoat. Therefore, misunderstanding might rise up. There are still some cases where pupils, even in small groups, tend to be silent participants and depend on the thinking of other students. Previous studies by Galton et al. (1980) and Bennet (1987) have shown that, whilst children in classrooms may be seen sitting in groups; closer observation proves that their mode of working is rarely collaborative. Free-rider is a familiar problem in group work. In a study by Per Ola BÃ ¶rjesson et al. named Free-riding in Group Work Mechanisms and Countermeasures, free-riding in group work has been described when one or several members of a group contribute so little to a group project that if the same grade is given to all members of the group, the grade would be misleading and unfair. Hence, this is ascertained that such problem is inevitable. Although many studies have shown that both low and high ability students tend to benefit from cooperative learning, the question of whether the experience of working in group will be of value in terms of creating a pleasant environment which will lead students in achieving academically is remained to be answered. Occasionally, random or special interest teams could be formed to maximize student talents or meet a specific student need (Kagan, 1994). It was certainly understandable Jerome Bruner wrote The single most characteristic thing about human beings is that they learn (1967: 113). The review of the cooperative learning literature is structured around six themes. The first theme aims to provide a theoretical frame of learning underpinning the use of group work as learning and teaching strategy in education in general. The second theme focuses on the rationale for the use of group work in Accounting. Vital in a discussion about group work in accounting education are the group work experiences and views of learners and educators as discussed in studies about group work these make up the third and fourth theme respectively. The review then examines suggestions put forward in the literature regarding ways to overcome some of the challenges associated with group work. The last theme focuses on the influence of task design on group work and suggests that good design can contribute to addressing a number of group work challenges. Use of collaborative learning in general collaborative learning Use of group work in accounting Group work experiences and views of learners as discussed in previous studies Overcome some challenges Task to design group work There have also been criticisms of this pedagogic approach, Holt et al (1997) council against its indiscriminate use. They note the complex relationship between individual, competitive and collaborative behaviours. Holt also stresses that all costs and benefits, particularly to the students, must be weighed. Further noting that time, in particular, is a very scarce resource for students. Evaluation has been carried out on the effectiveness of group work in accounting education for meeting the desired learning outcomes (Caldwell et al 1996; Ravenscroft et al 1997, Berry, 1993). Berry expresses concerns similar to those above about theconflict between individual and collaborative behaviours in this context. The effect of cooperative learning has been measured using student examination performance Ciccotello et al (1997). observed that students exposed to cooperative learning outperformed students taught by individual problem solving sessions on a managerial accounting course. Several papers report on the implementation and operational issues arising from the use of group work in accounting (Cottell et al, 1992; Cottell et al 1993; Peek et al, 1995). Referring back to the Group work in accouting that cooperative learning as a student-focussed pedagogical approach provides educational satisfaction (Norman et al., 2004) in creating a positive learning engagement for most students studying International Accounting and in developing their interpersonal, professional and written communication skills. Norman, Rose Lehmann (2004) in their extensive review of literature between 1990 and 2003 found the terms collaboration and cooperative learning were used interchangeably in many international accounting journals and elsewhere.